You at one point fight a large, cubic yellow dog named "Broggy". It shows signs of distress when attacked, but otherwise survives and becomes an ally character for the rest of the game.
Bowser (the only major father in game) is known as a surprisingly fantastic father, and all other fathers in game make minor appearances where this is in no way present
Fawful (species most likely one of the "bean-bean" people from a previous game) dies, he is not human but has the intelligence of one and like other characters in the franchise (like Bowser, as a relevant example) is treated just as a human would be
A character pretty explicitly dies, or at least enters critical condition, after a building lands on and crushes them. They are revived with no injury.
Yes, but in a cartoon art style, reptiles are somewhat common in game but not an overarching common enemy type (note, Bowser is reptilian but shares a very hazy resemblance that's obviously a lot mote turtle like)
While I selected yes that's only kinda a yes, the spiders aren't real spiders, only have a somewhat passing resemblance, and like the rest of the game are as cartoonish as the rest of the game, no worries here
Cartoonish ones, if you've seen a "Boo" you'll know what I mean, there's never a point where it's shown or implied that these ghosts weren't at all points ghosts, so its kinda hard to count them as such but they are referenced as ghosts
There is an area that is a doctor's office. However the area is very cartoon like and barely resembles and actual hospital. On top of this, very little medical equipment is actually shown.