S1E12: Two characters are seen eating an animal they trapped and killed.

In more ways than one. Combined with does a kid die"

several animal-based chimera are killed, a couple human-based chimera are murdered.

If you mean by illegal experiments, yes, very much.

There are ants during the flashback about Ed & Al's training. Later in that scene, someone eats some ants out of strong hunger.

In the tunnel created by Sloth at Fort Briggs, horses are killed.

Does a snake chimera (a fusion between a human and a snake) count? If so, yes.

one of the characters, Jean Havoc, is a smoker

a few characters drink alcohol, and one is implied to abuse alcohol (has at least one alcohol binge but doesn't drink on screen)

Yes, at least twice on screen, maybe more, characters are rather graphically set on fire multiple times until their regenerative abilities stop working and they eventually die. Lots of screaming, so it obviously still hurts even though they aren't human. Also, mentioned quiet a few times, and a minor character is believed to have been burned alive, but this was faked. One character is literally called the Flame Alchemist, and it's mentioned, and shown, that he used his abilities to help in a military sponsored genocide. He is haunted by this and did not enjoy doing it, so... ? He's not a totally awful person?

A battle between Envy (who can regenerate) and Mustang (who can control fire) involves Mustang repeatedly burning Envy's eyes out as a form of torture, shown multiple times as Mustang specifically calls attention to how painful it must be. Definite yes on this one.

At some point there is a shaving razor shown resting on a sink, but not in use.

Episode 12: a starving child attempts to bite another child in a brief attempt at cannibalism, but is immediately rebuffed. Also, one supernatural character who usually takes on a human appearance "eats" both another supernatural character and a human, but with his supernatural "mouth" not with his human mouth.

no actual seizures, but a few scenes of people convulsing that can be seen as similar to a seizure

And loses limbs, or gets impaled, or has their entire body disappear for a while.

One character loses limbs in alchemic accidents, another cuts off their own arm after it is injured badly in a fight. These are both graphic amputations. Several other characters are amputees and also have automail, or artificial limbs, and are sometimes shown without their automail.

No humans are shown losing their heads or having their heads destroyed, though some are implied to. But superhuman characters that have the ability to regenerate their (human looking) bodies get their heads destroyed and regrow them a number of times, most graphically in Episode 13 "Beasts of Dublith", this one in particular is shocking and happens suddenly and without warning

The series began with the main characters' mom dying and them trying to bring her back to life and failing; it is pretty disturbing.

This one's infamous. Early in the series, a young girl is turned into a chimera by her father, and is later killed by Scar.

Many kidnappings, hostage situations, entrapments, and imprisonments throughout, of and by both good and bad characters. Climax involves multiple named characters being supernaturally kidnapped and used as pawns.

Very last episode, not animated.

many characters are constantly under surveillance by one or more characters/organizations at different points of the series, as a looming threat

Greed possesses Ling's body (though he willingly agrees to it)

It depends on what you mean by ghost. The souls of dead people are shown and in most cases obviously in pain and/or screaming. There are no "ghosts" per say but the state of these souls is important to the plot

Both shower/bath scenes are of minors, though nothing "important" is shown.

During Episode 42, when Hohenheim enters the tunnel, there is a brief period of silence after he notices that an enemy is already present, before a sudden screeching noise as Pride (made entirely of shadows with teeth and eyes grotesquely mashed together) speeds out of the darkness to attack him. It can be quite frightening without warning.

one character has a spit-based attack

Many, many instances of graphic sounds of characters getting slashed and stabbed, choking on blood, bludgeoned, blood gushing, etc, usually shown on screen as it happens but not always. I don't think there's any bone-crunching sounds though.

In one episode, Ed gets sick and vomits twice, you hear the sounds but don't really see the vomit itself

There certainly is electricity, as various alchemical abilities appear in zaps of energy, but what it is meant to do is the opposite of therapy.

Characters frequently get injured, and wind up spending a surprisingly large amount of time in hospitals

About halfway through S2E13, Reunion, there's a brief but explicit shot of a character being injected with something that is obviously extremely harmful.

This is much of what drives the Elric brothers to get their bodies back for the entire anime, after one losing an arm and leg, and the other losing his whole body — that his soul was attached to a suit of armor. Comparing to real life, clearly those who are severely injured or amputated have trouble accepting their bodies.

One of the characters is binge eating.

SPOILERS: Envy technically dies by suicide when he rips out his philosopher’s stone.

There are a few instances where characters harm themselves, but it's not done out of usual circumstances or depression: Examples such as a character tearing open her chest to reveal her Philosopher's Stone that allows her to regenerate, and shortly afterwards, Mustang uses Flame Alchemy to burn his own wound to cauterize it, while also carving a magic symbol into his hand in order to cast said Alchemy to fight back.

Ed definitely seems to struggle with some degree of PTSD, and is shown to experience nightmares and flashbacks to previous traumatic events, usually accompanied by moments of panic. There are other examples, but this is the most prominent

Barry the Chopper convinces Al that his memories were faked and that he is a made-up person in episode 8. The consequences of this are explored in the next episode.

Various scenes of characters in cramped spaces, including climbing through vents and going inside Alphonse’s armor.

Can't remember if it was specifically a miscarriage or stillborn, but the brothers' teacher attempted to bring her baby to life with alchemy.

Episode 11, "Miracle at Rush Valley". Nothing graphic or body-horror-like, but the situation is depicted as extremely stressful due to suboptimal circumstances as the mother is giving birth. Everyone involved is fine in the end.

No, all pregnant women survive.

There is a mildly sexualized character, but it is not done so in a creepy fanservice way.

Not in Brotherhood. Don't confuse this with the 03 version, where it is implied that a female character is.

Ed and his love interest, Winry, are childhood friends. However, they never considered each other 'family'.

No hate-speech from the author directed toward a minority group, but plot-wise, the leader of the nation decrees mass genocide of a certain group of people.

no, but there are a couple characters that can be seen as racist caricatures of black people

recurring themes of amputees feeling "not whole" but overall positive towards disabled characters (which there are many of)

the character gluttony is constantly mocked for being fat. There are also many jokes about height and muscular body types.

(spoilers) One of the major villains, the leader of the country, has a visual and thematic resemblance to Hitler. Even his title is the same.

darius is gay and he survives--- http://fma.wikia.com/wiki/Darius (scroll down to trivia section)

there are no explicitly trans characters in the series, but a side character that can be seen as a transmisogynistic or homophobic stereotype.

The end is both happy at times and bittersweet. But I think it's a happy ending.

At one point, it appears a (villainous) character has fallen into a body of water and died, but the character survives the fall.

No "car crashes" in how you would typically think of them. Worth noting: Ep 46 "Looming Shadows" - A train is blown up with people on it. Ep. 56 "Return of the Fuhrer" - a tank is destroyed with people in it. Ep 58 "Sacrifices" - two cars explode with people in them.

The main characters have a childhood friend who throws things at them (infamously hitting him with or throwing wrenches). It's used as a joke. Aside from that, a man uses his young daughter and her dog in an experiment in one of the most traumatizing situations for the MCs (and the fandom)

To name just a few: Edward (15), Ling (15), Alphonse (14), and Mei (10) all experience serious/life-threatening injuries at various points in the series. Nina (5) is turned into a chimera by her father. Selim (though a few hundred-year-old homunculus, is presented to be around 9-10) gets brutally beaten at the end of the series.

(SPOILER) In Ep. 33 "The Northern Wall of Briggs," during the train fightscene, a character gets impaled by a pipe. (SPOILER) In Ep. 41 "The Abyss," a character is impaled after a large explosion in a mine shaft.

A villian get stabbed and then burried alive in concrete

As the brothers are heavily involved with the military and the setting is a fantasy-early-1900s-ish, gun violence plays a big part in how non-alchemists fight and it is often gruesome. It is prevalent from the very beginning of the series.

Not a nuclear explosion, but one character's alchemy is literally blowing things up. If you're uncomfortable with it, avoid watching anytime Kimblee is mentioned, cause he really enjoys what he does, and it's sickening.

The Silver Alchemist drowns after being attacked by Scar

Episode 08 "The Fifth Laboratory". In a brief phantasmagoric when a criminal retells his past, there is indeed a hanging shown.

Particularly worth noting is Ep 52 "Combined Strength" - extended sequence where a (villainous) character struggles to breathe after his throat has been ripped out while another (villainous) character speaks to him casually and callously

Ep 52 "Combined Strength" - two superhuman characters are hit by a car but both are completely fine moments later. Ep 58 "Sacrifices" - a superhuman character is hit by a car but destroys the car and is completely fine moments later