Some enemies are or resemble animals - namely rats, crabs, snakes, bugs, bats, spiders and scorpions. Defeating at least some of these enemies is more or less essential to progress.
There is a magical goblet artifact that, when equipped, is described as compelling the user to cut themself and bleed into it. You can simply choose to not use this item.
Some effects may cause the screen to briefly flash or flicker - this may cause a strobe-like effect if a lot of these events happen in a row. This isn't particularly common and can mostly be avoided.
The word "crippled" is used for a status effect, which I'm aware some people consider ableist. There are also the Crazy Thief and rarer Crazy Bandit enemies in the prison levels which are vaguely described as "insane".
Not explicitly. There are however golem enemies in the dwarven city area, which I'm aware some Jewish people take issue with how golems are used in media. They're much closer to robots in how they're described.
There are invisibility potions that they player can use to bypass enemies undetected. There are also mimic enemies which disguise themselves as chests or turn invisible.
You can die by jumping into a chasm, but the game asks if you're sure beforehand, so it's difficult to do this by accident. Some items and abilities allow you to push enemies into pits instead.
This is a fantasy world, so there are no real-world religions. The Cleric class revolves around deriving power from "the gods", and some other items such as the starflower are described as "blessing" the player, but the game doesn't really go in-depth on the worldbuilding.
There is a sad ghost NPC who asks the player for help, and can even become a companion and fight alongside you if you find the dried rose item. There are also hostile wraiths which have a chance of spawning if you disturb piles of bones or tombstones.
The second area of the game is an abandoned prison - while some former prisoners and guards are seemingly trapped down there, it isn't currently functioning as an actual prison.
The Cave Spinner enemies can shoot webs to briefly restrain the player. There are some other items that can cause this effect, though they are less common.
Two of the playable classes, the Huntress and the Duelist, are women, and they can be attacked like anyone else. This isn't specifically targeted at them.